Computer Awareness

What Are Function Keys?

Your keyboard has special keys at the very top labeled F1 through F12. These are called Function Keys, and each one is a shortcut to do something useful fast.Your keyboard has special keys at the very top labeledYour keyboard has special keys at the very top labeled F1 through F12F1 through F12. These are called. These are called Function KeysFunction Keys, and each one is a shortcut to do something useful fast., and each one is a shortcut to do something useful fast.

Think of them like remote control buttons — each button does a specific job.

What Are Control (Ctrl) Keys?

The Ctrl key is written as “Ctrl” on your keyboard. It is what we call a Modifier Key — meaning it doesn’t do anything alone, but when you press it together with another key, it performs a special action.TheThe Ctrl keyCtrl key is written asis written as ““CtrlCtrl”” on your keyboard. It is what we call aon your keyboard. It is what we call a Modifier KeyModifier Key — meaning it doesn’t do anything alone, but when you press it together with another key, it performs a special action.— meaning it doesn’t do anything alone, but when you press it together with another key, it performs a special action.

Types of Keyboard Keys You Should Know:

Modifier Keys → Ctrl, Alt, Shift (these work WITH other keys)Modifier Keys → Ctrl, Alt, Shift (these work WITH other keys)→ Ctrl, Alt, Shift (these work WITH other keys)

Toggle Keys → Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock (these switch ON/OFF)Toggle KeysToggle Keys → Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock (these switch ON/OFF)→ Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock (these switch ON/OFF)

All Ctrl Key Shortcuts:

NumLock Keys

A standard keyboard has 17 NumLock Keys total: - 10 number keys (0 to 9) - 4 math operator keys (+, 2 special keys (Delete, Enter) - 1 Num Lock key itselfA standard keyboard hasA standard keyboard has 17 NumLock Keys17 NumLock Keys total: - 10 number keys (0 to 9)- 10 number keys (0 to 9) - 4 math operator keys (+, 4 math operator keys (+, 2 special keys (Delete, Enter)- 2 special keys (Delete, Enter) - 1 Num Lock key itself- 1 Num Lock key itself

Home Row Keys (F and J)

The F and J keys are called Home Row Keys or Guide Keys. You’ll notice they have small bumps on them — these bumps help typists find their position without looking at the keyboard.TheThe FF and JJ keys are calledkeys are called Home Row KeysHome Row Keys oror Guide KeysGuide Keys. You’ll notice they have small bumps on them — these bumps help typists find their position without looking at the keyboard.. You’ll notice they have small bumps on them — these bumps help typists find their position without looking at the keyboard.

Other Important Keys:

Understanding Memory — Simple Explanation

Think of memory like this:

A car needs a factory to be made. The car (data) travels from a shop (register) → warehouse (cache) → the main factory (RAM) → long-term storage (hard disk).A car needs a factory to be made.A car needs a factory to be made. The car (data) travels from a shop (register) → warehouse (cache) → the main factory (RAM) → long-term storage (hard disk).The car (data) travels from a shop (register) → warehouse (cache) → the main factory (RAM) → long-term storage (hard disk).

In computers: - CPU (Processor) → does the actual work - Register → tiny memory inside the CPU (fastest of all) - Cache → acts as a middleman between CPU and RAM - RAM → your workspace while the computer is ON - Hard Disk/SSD → permanent storage where everything is savedIn computers:In computers: -- CPU (Processor)CPU (Processor) → does the actual work→ does the actual work -- Register → tiny memory inside the CPU (fastest of all)→ tiny memory inside the CPU (fastest of all) -- Cache → acts as a middleman between CPU and RAM→ acts as a middleman between CPU and RAM -- RAM → your workspace while the computer is ON→ your workspace while the computer is ON -- Hard Disk/SSDHard Disk/SSD → permanent storage where everything is saved→ permanent storage where everything is saved

Memory = Storage + Speed

There are two main categories of memory:

Primary Memory (Temporary + Fast)

This is the memory your computer uses right now, while it’s working. - RAM — loses data when you turn off the computer - ROM — keeps data permanently (cannot be easily changed) - Cache — super fast memory between CPU and RAM - Register — the fastest memory, located inside the CPU itselfThis is the memory your computer uses right now, while it’s working.This is the memory your computer uses right now, while it’s working. -- RAM — loses data when you turn off the computer— loses data when you turn off the computer -- ROM — keeps data permanently (cannot be easily changed)— keeps data permanently (cannot be easily changed) -- Cache — super fast memory between CPU and RAM— super fast memory between CPU and RAM -- Register — the fastest memory, located inside the CPU itself— the fastest memory, located inside the CPU itself

Secondary Memory (Permanent + Slower)

This is where data is saved for the long term. - Hard Disk - SSD (Solid State Drive) - CD / DVD / Blu-Ray Disc - Pen Drive / Memory Card - Floppy DiskThis is where data is saved for the long term.This is where data is saved for the long term. - Hard Disk- Hard Disk - SSD (Solid State Drive)- SSD (Solid State Drive) - CD / DVD / Blu-Ray Disc- CD / DVD / Blu-Ray Disc - Pen Drive / Memory Card- Pen Drive / Memory Card - Floppy Disk- Floppy Disk

Speed Order of Memory (Fastest to Slowest):

Fastest (Temporary): 1. Register 2. Cache 3. RAMFastest (Temporary):Fastest (Temporary): 1. Register1. Register 2. Cache2. Cache 3. RAM3. RAM

Slowest (Permanent): 1. Floppy Disk 2. Hard Disk 3. SSD 4. Memory Card / Pen Drive 5. Optical Disk (CD, DVD, Blu-Ray)Slowest (Permanent):Slowest (Permanent): 1. Floppy Disk1. Floppy Disk 2. Hard Disk2. Hard Disk 3. SSD3. SSD 4. Memory Card / Pen Drive4. Memory Card / Pen Drive 5. Optical Disk (CD, DVD, Blu-Ray)5. Optical Disk (CD, DVD, Blu-Ray)

Other Names for Primary Memory:

Main Memory

Internal Memory

Semiconductor Memory

Types of Primary Memory:

RAM

ROM

Cache

Register

What is RAM?

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. Think of it like a desk — whatever work you are doing right now is on your desk. When you shut down, everything on your desk disappears.RAM stands forRAM stands for Random Access MemoryRandom Access Memory. Think of it like a desk — whatever work you are doing right now is on your desk. When you shut down, everything on your desk disappears.. Think of it like a desk — whatever work you are doing right now is on your desk. When you shut down, everything on your desk disappears.

Founder: Robert Heath DennardFounder:Founder: Robert Heath DennardRobert Heath Dennard

Type: Temporary / Volatile (loses data when powered off)Type:Type: Temporary / Volatile (loses data when powered off)Temporary / Volatile (loses data when powered off)

Can do: Read AND WriteCan do:Can do: Read AND WriteRead AND Write

Speed measured in: Megahertz (MHz) = Millions of cycles per secondSpeed measured in:Speed measured in: Megahertz (MHz) = Millions of cycles per secondMegahertz (MHz) = Millions of cycles per second

Types of RAM:

SRAM (Static RAM)

Stands for: Static Random Access Memory

Used to create: Cache MemoryUsed to create:Used to create: Cache MemoryCache Memory

Speed: Very Fast

Built from: TransistorsBuilt from:Built from: Transistors

DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

Stands for: Dynamic Random Access Memory

Speed: Slower than SRAM

Needs to be refreshed constantly

Used in: Laptops, PCs, Mobile Phones

Built from: CapacitorsBuilt from:Built from: Capacitors

DRAM Types (Generations):

SD RAM — Synchronous Dynamic RAM

DDR1 → DDR2 → DDR3 → DDR4 → DDR5 (Double Data Rate — each generation is faster)

What is ROM?

ROM stands for Read Only Memory. Unlike RAM, ROM keeps its data even when the computer is turned off. It stores the basic instructions the computer needs to start up.ROM stands forROM stands for Read Only MemoryRead Only Memory. Unlike RAM, ROM keeps its data even when the computer is turned off. It stores the basic instructions the computer needs to start up.. Unlike RAM, ROM keeps its data even when the computer is turned off. It stores the basic instructions the computer needs to start up.

Key facts: - Can only be Read (not easily changed) - Permanent (Non-Volatile) - Used to store: BIOS software (Basic Input/Output System) - Instructions in ROM are called: Firmware - ROM helps with: Booting (starting up the computer)Key facts:Key facts: - Can only be- Can only be Read (not easily changed)(not easily changed) -- Permanent (Non-Volatile) - Used to store:- Used to store: BIOS softwareBIOS software (Basic Input/Output System)(Basic Input/Output System) - Instructions in ROM are called:- Instructions in ROM are called: Firmware - ROM helps with:- ROM helps with: Booting (starting up the computer)(starting up the computer)

What is Firmware?

Firmware is a special type of software that lives inside hardware. Think of it as “software for hardware.” It tells hardware devices how to behave.Firmware is a special type of software that lives inside hardware. Think of it asFirmware is a special type of software that lives inside hardware. Think of it as ““software for hardware.software for hardware.”” It tells hardware devices how to behave.It tells hardware devices how to behave.

Examples of Firmware: - TV Remotes - Traffic Lights - Washing Machine timers - Routers, Switches, Modems - CCTV cameras - Digital watches - Firewall devicesExamples of Firmware:Examples of Firmware: - TV Remotes- TV Remotes - Traffic Lights- Traffic Lights - Washing Machine timers- Washing Machine timers - Routers, Switches, Modems- Routers, Switches, Modems - CCTV cameras- CCTV cameras - Digital watches- Digital watches - Firewall devices- Firewall devices

Types of ROM:

Cache Memory

Cache sits between the CPU and RAM. It holds the data the CPU uses most often, so the CPU doesn’t have to keep going to RAM (which is slower). - Made of: SRAM (Static RAM) - Location: Between CPU and RAM - Purpose: Speeds up the computerCache sits between the CPU and RAM. It holds the data the CPU uses most often, so the CPU doesn’t have to keep going to RAM (which is slower).Cache sits between the CPU and RAM. It holds the data the CPU uses most often, so the CPU doesn’t have to keep going to RAM (which is slower). -- Made of:Made of: SRAM (Static RAM)SRAM (Static RAM) -- Location: Between CPU and RAMBetween CPU and RAM -- Purpose: Speeds up the computerSpeeds up the computer

Register Memory

Registers are tiny memory spaces that live right inside the CPU. - Fastest memory in the whole computer - Stores data in binary numbers (0s and 1s) - Each 0 or 1 is called a flip-flop - Multiple flip-flops together make a registerRegisters are tiny memory spaces that live right inside the CPU.Registers are tiny memory spaces that live right inside the CPU. -- Fastest memory in the whole computermemory in the whole computer - Stores data in- Stores data in binary numbersbinary numbers (0s and 1s)(0s and 1s) - Each 0 or 1 is called a- Each 0 or 1 is called a flip-flop - Multiple flip-flops together make a register- Multiple flip-flops together make a register

Virtual Memory & Buffer Memory

Virtual Memory — Uses a portion of the hard disk as extra RAM when RAM runs out. It “pretends” to be extra RAM.Virtual MemoryVirtual Memory — Uses a portion of the hard disk as extra RAM when RAM runs out. It— Uses a portion of the hard disk as extra RAM when RAM runs out. It ““pretendspretends”” to be extra RAM.to be extra RAM.

Buffer Memory — Temporary storage used to hold data being transferred. Example: When streaming a video, your device loads a little bit ahead so it plays smoothly.Buffer MemoryBuffer Memory — Temporary storage used to hold data being transferred. Example: When streaming a video, your device loads a little bit ahead so it plays smoothly.— Temporary storage used to hold data being transferred. Example: When streaming a video, your device loads a little bit ahead so it plays smoothly.

What is Flash Memory?

Flash Memory is a type of EEPROM — it stores data permanently but can be erased and rewritten using electricity. It does not need power to keep its data.

Examples of Flash Memory: - Pen Drives (USB Drives) - Memory Cards (SD Cards) - SSDs (Solid State Drives) - Mobile phone internal storageExamples of Flash Memory:Examples of Flash Memory: - Pen Drives (USB Drives)- Pen Drives (USB Drives) - Memory Cards (SD Cards)- Memory Cards (SD Cards) - SSDs (Solid State Drives)- SSDs (Solid State Drives) - Mobile phone internal storage- Mobile phone internal storage

How Memory is Measured

The smallest unit of memory is a bit (binary digit = 0 or 1).The smallest unit of memory is aThe smallest unit of memory is a bit (binary digit = 0 or 1).(binary digit = 0 or 1).

Memory Unit Chart (Binary — used by computers):

Memory Units (Decimal — used in marketing/storage specs):

Why the Difference?

Computer manufacturers use Decimal (1 KB = 1000 bytes) → That’s why your 500 GB hard drive shows less in WindowsComputer manufacturers useComputer manufacturers use Decimal (1 KB = 1000 bytes) → That’s why your 500 GB hard drive shows less in Windows(1 KB = 1000 bytes) → That’s why your 500 GB hard drive shows less in Windows

Computers internally use Binary (1 KiB = 1024 bytes)Computers internally useComputers internally use Binary (1 KiB = 1024 bytes)(1 KiB = 1024 bytes)

What is MS Office?

MS Office (Microsoft Office) is a collection of productivity software programs made by Microsoft. Think of it as a toolkit for doing office work on your computer.

Launched: 1988 First Version: Office 1.0 Latest Version: Office 2021 Cloud Version: Office 365 (now renamed Microsoft 365)Launched:Launched: 1988 First Version:First Version: Office 1.0Office 1.0 Latest Version:Latest Version: Office 2021Office 2021 Cloud Version:Cloud Version: Office 365 (now renamed Microsoft 365)Office 365 (now renamed Microsoft 365)

Office Alternatives:

MS Office 2021 Programs:

Microsoft Word

Microsoft Excel

Microsoft PowerPoint

Microsoft Outlook

Microsoft Access

Microsoft OneNote

Microsoft Publisher

Skype for Business

Microsoft 365 (Cloud Version):

Cloud-based software suite

Released: June 28, 2011

Combines all Microsoft online tools

Family subscription storage: 6 TB

What is MS Word?

MS Word is a Word Processor — software used to type, edit, format, and print documents.MS Word is aMS Word is a Word ProcessorWord Processor — software used to type, edit, format, and print documents.— software used to type, edit, format, and print documents.

First Word Processor ever made: Electric Pencil / WordStar Other Word Processors: - WordPerfect → Corel Corporation - Pages → Apple - Writer → LibreOffice / OpenOffice - Google Docs → GoogleFirst Word Processor ever made:First Word Processor ever made: Electric Pencil / WordStarElectric Pencil / WordStar Other Word Processors:Other Word Processors: - WordPerfect → Corel Corporation- WordPerfect → Corel Corporation - Pages → Apple- Pages → Apple - Writer → LibreOffice / OpenOffice- Writer → LibreOffice / OpenOffice - Google Docs → Google- Docs → Google

MS Word File Extensions:

Important MS Word Shortcuts & Facts:

MS Word Facts You Must Know:

Title Bar = Shows file name + 3 buttons (Minimize, Restore, Close)Title BarTitle Bar = Shows file name + 3 buttons (Minimize, Restore, Close)= Shows file name + 3 buttons (Minimize, Restore, Close)

Menu Bar = Shows commands at the topMenu BarMenu Bar = Shows commands at the top= Shows commands at the top

Status Bar = Shows page count, word count, zoom level, view modesStatus BarStatus Bar = Shows page count, word count, zoom level, view modes= Shows page count, word count, zoom level, view modes

Scroll Bar = Moves the page up/down or left/rightScroll BarScroll Bar = Moves the page up/down or left/right= Moves the page up/down or left/right

Text Wrap = How text flows around an imageText WrapText Wrap = How text flows around an image= How text flows around an image

Word Wrap = Text automatically continues on next line (no manual enter needed)Word WrapWord Wrap = Text automatically continues on next line (no manual enter needed)= Text automatically continues on next line (no manual enter needed)

WordArt = Decorative styled textWordArtWordArt = Decorative styled text= Decorative styled text

Watermark = A faint image or text behind the document contentWatermarkWatermark = A faint image or text behind the document content= A faint image or text behind the document content

Font Size range in tables: Minimum 8, Maximum 72Font Size range in tables:Font Size range in tables: Minimum 8, Maximum 72Minimum 8, Maximum 72

Maximum font size: 1638Maximum font size:Maximum font size: 1638

Maximum columns in a table: 63Maximum columns in a table:Maximum columns in a table: 6363

Max rows in a table: UnlimitedMax rows in a table:Max rows in a table: Unlimited

Default file name: Document1Default file name:Default file name: Document1

Default page size: 8.5 × 11 inches (Letter)Default page size:Default page size: 8.5 × 11 inches (Letter)8.5 × 11 inches (Letter)

Default orientation: PortraitDefault orientation:Default orientation: Portrait

Default font (2003): Times New Roman, 12 ptDefault font (2003):Default font (2003): Times New Roman, 12 ptTimes New Roman, 12 pt

Default font (2007+): Calibri, 11 ptDefault font (2007+):Default font (2007+): Calibri, 11 ptCalibri, 11 pt

Red underline = Spelling mistakeRed underlineRed underline = Spelling mistake= Spelling mistake

Green underline = Grammar mistakeGreen underlineGreen underline = Grammar mistake= Grammar mistake

Blue underline = Contextual spelling errorBlue underlineBlue underline = Contextual spelling error= Contextual spelling error

3 ways to save a document: Ctrl+S / File → Save / Auto Save3 ways to save a document:3 ways to save a document: Ctrl+S / File → Save / Auto SaveCtrl+S / File → Save / Auto Save

Command to start MS Word: winword.exeCommand to start MS Word:Command to start MS Word: winword.exe

Gutter Margin = Extra space added on the binding side for printingGutter MarginGutter Margin = Extra space added on the binding side for printing= Extra space added on the binding side for printing

Clipboard = Temporary storage for Cut/Copy operationsClipboardClipboard = Temporary storage for Cut/Copy operations= Temporary storage for Cut/Copy operations

MS Word — Change Case Options:

Sentence case → Capitalizes only the first letter of a sentenceSentence caseSentence case → Capitalizes only the first letter of a sentence→ Capitalizes only the first letter of a sentence

lowercase → All letters become smalllowercaselowercase → All letters become small→ All letters become small

UPPERCASE → All letters become capitalUPPERCASEUPPERCASE → All letters become capital→ All letters become capital

Capitalize Each Word → First letter of every word is capitalizedCapitalize Each WordCapitalize Each Word → First letter of every word is capitalized→ First letter of every word is capitalized

tOGGLE cASE → Reverses the current capitalizationtOGGLE cASEtOGGLE cASE → Reverses the current capitalization→ Reverses the current capitalization

MS Word Views (5 types):

MS Word has 5 ways to view your document: Reading View, Print Layout, Web Layout, Outline View, and Draft View.

MS Word Tabs (8 in latest version):

File

Home

Insert

Page Layout

References

Mailings

Review

View

Mail Merge in MS Word:

Mail Merge is a feature that lets you send the same letter or document to many different people, each with their personal details filled in automatically. - Found under: Mailings tab - Use case: Sending invitations, notices, or certificates to many people at onceMail MergeMail Merge is a feature that lets you send the same letter or document to many different people, each with their personal details filled in automatically.is a feature that lets you send the same letter or document to many different people, each with their personal details filled in automatically. - Found under:- Found under: Mailings tab - Use case: Sending invitations, notices, or certificates to many people at once- Use case: Sending invitations, notices, or certificates to many people at once

Macros in MS Word:

Macros are small programs you can record inside MS Word to automate repetitive tasks. They use Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) as the programming language.MacrosMacros are small programs you can record inside MS Word to automate repetitive tasks. They use Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) as the programming language.are small programs you can record inside MS Word to automate repetitive tasks. They use Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) as the programming language.

Format Painter:

A tool that copies all the formatting (font, size, color, spacing) from one piece of text and applies it to another — like a formatting stamp.

Drop Cap:

The large decorative first letter of a paragraph (seen in books and magazines). - Default lines: 3 - Minimum: 1 line - Maximum: 10 linesThe large decorative first letter of a paragraph (seen in books and magazines).The large decorative first letter of a paragraph (seen in books and magazines). -- Default lines:Default lines: 33 -- Minimum: 1 line1 line -- Maximum: 10 lines10 lines

What is MS Excel?

MS Excel is a Spreadsheet program. It is used for organizing data in rows and columns, doing calculations, creating charts, and analyzing data.MS Excel is aMS Excel is a Spreadsheet program. It is used for organizing data in rows and columns, doing calculations, creating charts, and analyzing data.program. It is used for organizing data in rows and columns, doing calculations, creating charts, and analyzing data.

Key facts: - Extension:.xls (before 2007),.xlsx (2007 and later) - Default file name: Book1 - Default sheets per workbook: 3 sheets (Sheet1, Sheet2, Sheet3) - Oldest spreadsheet: VisiCalc - Popular DOS spreadsheet: Lotus 1-2-3 (extension:.wk1 or.123)Key facts:Key facts: - Extension:-.xls (before 2007),(before 2007),.xlsx (2007 and later)(2007 and later) - Default file name:- Default file name: Book1 - Default sheets per workbook:- Default sheets per workbook: 3 sheets3 sheets (Sheet1, Sheet2, Sheet3)(Sheet1, Sheet2, Sheet3) - Oldest spreadsheet:- Oldest spreadsheet: VisiCalc - Popular DOS spreadsheet:- Popular DOS spreadsheet: Lotus 1-2-3Lotus 1-2-3 (extension:.wk1 or.123)(extension:.wk1 or.123)

Important Terms in Excel:

Key Excel Shortcuts & Facts:

Data Types in Excel:

Excel cells can hold three types of data: 1. Numbers 2. Text 3. FormulasExcel cells can hold three types of data:Excel cells can hold three types of data: 1.1. Numbers 2.2. Text 3.3. Formulas

Excel Features:

AutoFill — quickly completes a series of data (like months, numbers)AutoFillAutoFill — quickly completes a series of data (like months, numbers)— quickly completes a series of data (like months, numbers)

Freeze Panes — keeps certain rows/columns visible while scrollingFreeze PanesFreeze Panes — keeps certain rows/columns visible while scrolling— keeps certain rows/columns visible while scrolling

VLOOKUP — Vertical Lookup — searches for related records in a tableVLOOKUPVLOOKUP — Vertical Lookup — searches for related records in a table— Vertical Lookup — searches for related records in a table

Merge — joins multiple selected cells into one single cellMergeMerge — joins multiple selected cells into one single cell— joins multiple selected cells into one single cell

Pivot Table — summarizes large data setsPivot TablePivot Table — summarizes large data sets— summarizes large data sets

Paste Special — lets you paste values, formulas, or formatting separatelyPaste SpecialPaste Special — lets you paste values, formulas, or formatting separately— lets you paste values, formulas, or formatting separately

What is MS PowerPoint?

MS PowerPoint is a Presentation software. You use it to create slideshows with text, images, animations, and videos — great for teaching, meetings, or projects.MS PowerPoint is aMS PowerPoint is a Presentation software. You use it to create slideshows with text, images, animations, and videos — great for teaching, meetings, or projects.software. You use it to create slideshows with text, images, animations, and videos — great for teaching, meetings, or projects.

Alternatives: - Google Slides → Google - Keynote → Apple - Impress → LibreOffice / OpenOfficeAlternatives:Alternatives: - Google Slides → Google- Slides → Google - Keynote → Apple- Keynote → Apple - Impress → LibreOffice / OpenOffice- Impress → LibreOffice / OpenOffice

Key PowerPoint Facts:

Important PowerPoint Shortcuts:

What is Software?

Software is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. It is invisible — you can’t touch it.

Software extension:.exeSoftware extension:Software extension:.exe

Smallest unit of software: Instruction Collection of instructions = Programme Collection of programmes = Module Collection of modules = SoftwareSmallest unit of software:Smallest unit of software: Instruction Collection of instructionsCollection of instructions = Programme= Collection of programmesCollection of programmes = Module= Collection of modulesCollection of modules = Software=

Types of Software:

1. System Software

The most important software — your computer cannot work without it.

Under system software: - Operating System — manages everything - Utility Software — tools like Antivirus, Disk Cleaner, Disk Defragmenter - Device Drivers — software that helps hardware devices work - Firmware — software stored inside hardware - Language Translators — convert code from one language to anotherUnder system software:Under system software: -- Operating SystemOperating System — manages everything— manages everything -- Utility SoftwareUtility Software — tools like Antivirus, Disk Cleaner, Disk Defragmenter— tools like Antivirus, Disk Cleaner, Disk Defragmenter -- Device DriversDevice Drivers — software that helps hardware devices work— software that helps hardware devices work -- Firmware — software stored inside hardware— software stored inside hardware -- Language TranslatorsLanguage Translators — convert code from one language to another— convert code from one language to another

2. Application Software

Software made for a specific task for the user. Examples: MS Office, VLC Media Player, Web Browsers, Tally (Accounting), GamesSoftware made for a specific task for the user.Software made for a specific task for the user. Examples: MS Office, VLC Media Player, Web Browsers, Tally (Accounting), GamesExamples: MS Office, VLC Media Player, Web Browsers, Tally (Accounting), Games

Categories (Broader):

Horizontal Software:

Anyone can use it

Not industry-specific

Examples: MS Office, browsers

Vertical Software (also called Customized / Niche Software):

Made for a specific industry or purpose

Examples:

Finacle → used in Banks (developed by Infosys)FinacleFinacle → used in Banks (developed by Infosys)→ used in Banks (developed by Infosys)

BACS → used in BanksBACSBACS → used in Banks→ used in Banks

Hospital Management Software

EULA (End User License Agreement):

This is a legal agreement/contract between the software developer and the user. When you install any software and click “I Agree,” you are accepting the EULA.This is a legal agreement/contract between the software developer and the user. When you install any software and clickThis is a legal agreement/contract between the software developer and the user. When you install any software and click ““I Agree,I Agree,”” you are accepting the EULA.you are accepting the EULA.

Types of Software Licensing:

Utility Software:

Utility software maintains and improves your computer’s performance. - Antivirus — detects and removes malware - Disk Defragmenter — separates used and unused disk space to improve speed - Disk Cleaner / Disk Cleanup — removes unnecessary files - Disk Backup — creates copies of important data - Disk Compression — reduces file sizes to save spaceUtility software maintains and improves your computer’s performance.Utility software maintains and improves your computer’s performance. -- Antivirus — detects and removes malware— detects and removes malware -- Disk DefragmenterDisk Defragmenter — separates used and unused disk space to improve speed— separates used and unused disk space to improve speed -- Disk Cleaner / Disk CleanupDisk Cleaner / Disk Cleanup — removes unnecessary files— removes unnecessary files -- Disk BackupDisk Backup — creates copies of important data— creates copies of important data -- Disk CompressionDisk Compression — reduces file sizes to save space— reduces file sizes to save space

Language Translators:

Note: Java uses both Compiler and Interpreter.Note:Note: Java usesJava uses both Compiler and Interpreter.Compiler and Interpreter.

Software Terms:

World’s First Programmer: Ada LovelaceWorld’s First Programmer:World’s First Programmer: Ada LovelaceAda Lovelace

What is an Operating System (OS)?

An Operating System is the most important software on a computer. It manages all hardware and software resources. Without an OS, your computer is just metal and wire — nothing works.

The OS is the first program that runs when you turn on your computer.The OS is theThe OS is the first programfirst program that runs when you turn on your computer.that runs when you turn on your computer.

OS is a collection of: Software RoutinesOS is a collection of:OS is a collection of: Software RoutinesSoftware Routines

Operating System Functions:

Memory Management

Process Management

File Management

Device Management

User Interface

Parts of an OS:

Kernel:

The core part of the OS. It establishes communication between software and hardware. - Handles: Process management, Memory management, Device management, Input/Output communicationThe core part of the OS. It establishes communication between software and hardware.The core part of the OS. It establishes communication between software and hardware. - Handles: Process management, Memory management, Device management, Input/Output communication- Handles: Process management, Memory management, Device management, Input/Output communication

Shell:

The part of the OS that interacts with the user. It takes your commands and passes them to the OS. - Also called: Command InterpreterThe part of the OS that interacts with the user. It takes your commands and passes them to the OS.The part of the OS that interacts with the user. It takes your commands and passes them to the OS. - Also called:- Also called: Command InterpreterCommand Interpreter

File Systems:

A file system is how the OS organizes and tracks files on a disk.

System Tray (Notification Area):

Located on the right side of the Windows TaskbarLocated on theLocated on the right sideright side of the Windows Taskbarof the Windows Taskbar

Also called: Notification AreaAlso called:Also called: Notification AreaNotification Area

Contains miniature icons for antivirus, printer, volume, battery, etc.

Types of Operating Systems:

Batch Processing OS — processes jobs in batches without user interaction (used in 1st & 2nd gen computers)Batch Processing OSBatch Processing OS — processes jobs in batches without user interaction (used in 1st & 2nd gen computers)— processes jobs in batches without user interaction (used in 1st & 2nd gen computers)

Real-Time OS (RTOS) — responds instantly (used in process control, medical equipment). Example: LynxReal-Time OS (RTOS)Real-Time OS (RTOS) — responds instantly (used in process control, medical equipment). Example: Lynx— responds instantly (used in process control, medical equipment). Example: Lynx

Time-Sharing OS — multiple users share the computer simultaneouslyTime-Sharing OSTime-Sharing OS — multiple users share the computer simultaneously— multiple users share the computer simultaneously

Multi-User OS — more than one user can work at the same timeMulti-User OSMulti-User OS — more than one user can work at the same time— more than one user can work at the same time

Distributed OS — multiple computers appear as one systemDistributed OSDistributed OS — multiple computers appear as one system— multiple computers appear as one system

Popular Operating Systems:

Windows OS:

Windows 95 → introduced “My Computer”Windows 95 → introducedWindows 95 → introduced ““My ComputerMy Computer””

Windows 2000 → Client/Server OS

Windows 3.1 → did not support networking

Windows 8 → removed the Start button

Windows 11 → Released October 5, 2021Windows 11Windows 11 → Released October 5, 2021→ Released October 5, 2021

Features: New Start Menu, Android apps, Gaming integration, Widgets, Microsoft Teams, Notification Area improvements

Linux OS:

Founder: Linus TorvaldsFounder:Founder: Linus TorvaldsLinus Torvalds

Year: September 17, 1991

Open Source and Free

Largely free from viruses

Apple OS:

iOS (mobile)

macOS (computers) — version: macOS 12.0 Monterey

Android OS:

All versions are named after sweets/desserts: - 1.5 → Cupcake, 2.3 → Gingerbread, 4.0 → Ice Cream Sandwich, 4.1 → Jelly Bean, 4.4 → KitKat, 5.0 → Lollipop, 6.0 → Marshmallow, 7.0 → Nougat, 8.0 → Oreo, 9.0 → Pie, 10 → Red Velvet Cake, 11 → Snow Cone, 12 → and beyondAll versions are named after sweets/desserts:All versions are named after sweets/desserts: - 1.5 → Cupcake, 2.3 → Gingerbread, 4.0 → Ice Cream Sandwich, 4.1 → Jelly Bean, 4.4 → KitKat, 5.0 → Lollipop, 6.0 → Marshmallow, 7.0 → Nougat, 8.0 → Oreo, 9.0 → Pie, 10 → Red Velvet Cake, 11 → Snow Cone, 12 → and beyond- 1.5 → Cupcake, 2.3 → Gingerbread, 4.0 → Ice Cream Sandwich, 4.1 → Jelly Bean, 4.4 → KitKat, 5.0 → Lollipop, 6.0 → Marshmallow, 7.0 → Nougat, 8.0 → Oreo, 9.0 → Pie, 10 → Red Velvet Cake, 11 → Snow Cone, 12 → and beyond

Sleep vs Hibernate:

Sleep Mode → Short inactivity period — computer uses minimal power but stays readySleep ModeSleep Mode → Short inactivity period — computer uses minimal power but stays ready→ Short inactivity period — computer uses minimal power but stays ready

Hibernate Mode → Long inactivity period — saves state to disk, uses no powerHibernate ModeHibernate Mode → Long inactivity period — saves state to disk, uses no power→ Long inactivity period — saves state to disk, uses no power

What is MS-DOS?

MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. It was a command-line operating system — meaning you had to type commands to use it (no mouse, no icons).MS-DOS stands forMS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating SystemMicrosoft Disk Operating System. It was a command-line operating system — meaning you had to type commands to use it (no mouse, no icons).. It was a command-line operating system — meaning you had to type commands to use it (no mouse, no icons).

File names: Short (8 characters max + 3 character extension)File names:File names: Short (8 characters max + 3 character extension)Short (8 characters max + 3 character extension)

Type: Single-user, single-taskingType:Type: Single-user, single-taskingSingle-user, single-tasking

Interface: CUI (Character User Interface)Interface:Interface: CUI (Character User Interface)CUI (Character User Interface)

What is Email?

Email (Electronic Mail) is a way of sending digital messages over the internet. An email address has two parts: username @ domainname Example: john@gmail.comEmail (Electronic Mail) is a way of sending digital messages over the internet. An email address has two parts:Email (Electronic Mail) is a way of sending digital messages over the internet. An email address has two parts: username @ domainnameusername @ domainname Example: john@gmail.comExample: john@gmail.com

The @** symbol was popularized for email in 1972**.TheThe @*@** symbol was popularized for email in* symbol was popularized for email in 1972**.

Email Types:

Webmail:

Access your email from any browser (no software needed). Examples: Gmail, Yahoo Mail, AOL Mail, ZOHO Mail, YandexAccess your email from any browser (no software needed).Access your email from any browser (no software needed). Examples: Gmail, Yahoo Mail, AOL Mail, ZOHO Mail, YandexExamples: Gmail, Yahoo Mail, AOL Mail, ZOHO Mail, Yandex

Email Client:

Software installed on your computer that manages emails. Examples: - MS Outlook - Mozilla Thunderbird - Apple MailSoftware installed on your computer that manages emails.Software installed on your computer that manages emails. Examples: -- MS OutlookMS Outlook -- Mozilla ThunderbirdMozilla Thunderbird -- Apple MailApple Mail

Email Protocols:

Difference: POP3 vs IMAP: - POP3 downloads emails to your device (and often deletes from server) - IMAP keeps emails on the server — you can access from any deviceDifference: POP3 vs IMAP:Difference: POP3 vs IMAP: - POP3- downloads emails to your device (and often deletes from server)emails to your device (and often deletes from server) - IMAP- keeps emails on the serverkeeps emails on the server — you can access from any device— you can access from any device

CC vs BCC:

CC (Carbon Copy) — All recipients can see each other’s email addressesCC (Carbon Copy)CC (Carbon Copy) — All recipients can see each other’s email addresses— All recipients can see each other’s email addresses

BCC (Blind Carbon Copy) — Recipients cannot see each other’s addressesBCC (Blind Carbon Copy)BCC (Blind Carbon Copy) — Recipients cannot see each other’s addresses— Recipients cannot see each other’s addresses

Email Terms:

Spam / Junk — Unwanted/unsolicited emailSpam / JunkSpam / Junk — Unwanted/unsolicited email— Unwanted/unsolicited email

Draft — Unsent, saved emailDraftDraft — Unsent, saved email— Unsent, saved email

Trash — Deleted emailsTrashTrash — Deleted emails— Deleted emails

Email Spoofing — Sending fake emails that appear to come from someone elseEmail SpoofingEmail Spoofing — Sending fake emails that appear to come from someone else— Sending fake emails that appear to come from someone else

Email Security:

PGP — Pretty Good Privacy (encryption)PGPPGP — Pretty Good Privacy (encryption)— Pretty Good Privacy (encryption)

SSL — Secure Sockets LayerSSLSSL — Secure Sockets Layer— Secure Sockets Layer

TLS — Transport Layer SecurityTLSTLS — Transport Layer Security— Transport Layer Security

Gmail Facts:

Founder: Paul Buchheit

Launched: April 1, 2004

Attachment limit: 25 MB

Free storage: 15 GB

MS Outlook:

Previously called: HotmailPreviously called:Previously called: Hotmail

Founded by: Sabeer Bhatia & Jack Smith (1996)

Acquired by Microsoft: 1997

Type: Email client + Personal Information Manager (PIM)

Yahoo Mail:

Founders: Jerry Yang and David Filo

Founded: 1994

Mail launched: 1997

AOL Mail:

Stands for: America Online

Now owned by: Verizon

What is the Internet?

The internet is a global network connecting millions of computers around the world, allowing them to share information.The internet is aThe internet is a global networkglobal network connecting millions of computers around the world, allowing them to share information.connecting millions of computers around the world, allowing them to share information.

Founder of Internet: Vinton Cerf (also called Father of the Internet)Founder of Internet:Founder of Internet: Vinton CerfVinton Cerf (also called Father of the Internet)(also called Father of the Internet)

First ISP in India: VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited) — August 14, 1995First ISP in India:First ISP in India: VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited) — August 14, 1995(Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited) — August 14, 1995

First ISP in the World: TelnetFirst ISP in the World:First ISP in the World: Telnet

Internet vs Intranet vs Extranet:

World Wide Web (WWW):

The Web is how you access websites and pages through the internet using a browser.

Also called: Web / W3Also called:Also called: Web / W3Web / W3

Founder: Tim Berners-Lee (working at CERN)Founder:Founder: Tim Berners-LeeTim Berners-Lee (working at CERN)(working at CERN)

Invented: 1989Invented:Invented: 1989

First website ever: http://info.cern.ch

First web browser: WorldWideWebFirst web browser:First web browser: WorldWideWeb

CERN = European Organization for Nuclear Research

Surface Web / Deep Web / Dark Web:

URL, URI, URN:

IP Address & MAC Address:

What is a Network?

A computer network is when two or more computers are connected to share resources and information.

Types of Networks:

Network Topologies:

A topology is the physical or logical arrangement of a network.AA topology is the physical or logical arrangement of a network.is the physical or logical arrangement of a network.

For large networks: Star topology is commonly used. If cable breaks, network goes down: Bus topology is most vulnerable. Most reliable: Mesh topology.For large networks:For large networks: Star topology is commonly used.Star topology is commonly used. If cable breaks, network goes down:If cable breaks, network goes down: Bus topology is most vulnerable.Bus topology is most vulnerable. Most reliable:Most reliable: Mesh topology.Mesh topology.

OSI Model — 7 Layers:

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model shows how data travels through a network. It has 7 layers:

OSI model developed by: ISOOSI model developed by:OSI model developed by: ISO

Year: 1984Year:Year: 1984

TCP/IP Model — 5 Layers:

The practical internet model (OSI’s Session and Presentation layers are merged into Application):

Full name: Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

TCP = Connection Oriented

IP = Connectionless

Developed: 1970s

Standard adopted: 1983

Developed by: US Department of Defense

Inventors: Vint Cerf and Bob KahnInventors:Inventors: Vint Cerf and Bob KahnVint Cerf and Bob Kahn

Networking Devices:

Gateway: Connects networks that use different protocols.Gateway:Gateway: Connects networks that use different protocols.Connects networks that use different protocols.

Networking Cables — Guided Media:

Twisted Pair Cable (UTP/STP)

Coaxial Cable

Fiber Optic Cable

Networking Modes:

Simplex — one direction only (e.g., TV broadcast)SimplexSimplex — one direction only (e.g., TV broadcast)— one direction only (e.g., TV broadcast)

Half Duplex — both directions, but one at a time (e.g., walkie-talkie)Half DuplexHalf Duplex — both directions, but one at a time (e.g., walkie-talkie)— both directions, but one at a time (e.g., walkie-talkie)

Full Duplex — both directions simultaneously (e.g., phone call)Full DuplexFull Duplex — both directions simultaneously (e.g., phone call)— both directions simultaneously (e.g., phone call)

What is a Number System?

Computers work only with 0s and 1s. But humans use decimal numbers. The number system teaches you how to convert between different formats.

Types of Number Systems:

Note: In Hexadecimal: A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15

Binary Addition Rules:

0 + 0 = 0

0 + 1 = 1

1 + 0 = 1

1 + 1 = 10 (write 0, carry 1)

Example: Add 1001 (9) + 0111 (7) = 10000 (16)Example:Example: Add 1001 (9) + 0111 (7) = 10000 (16)Add 1001 (9) + 0111 (7) = 10000 (16)

Binary Subtraction Rules:

1 − 0 = 1

1 − 1 = 0

0 − 1 = borrow from next column

Example: 1010 (10) − 0101 (5) = 0101 (5)Example:Example: 1010 (10) − 0101 (5) = 0101 (5)1010 (10) − 0101 (5) = 0101 (5)

Converting Binary to Decimal:

Write powers of 2 under each bit, multiply and add.

Example: Convert 11110 (binary) to decimal - Positions: 2⁴=16, 2³=8, 2²=4, 2¹=2, 2⁰=1 - Digits: 1, 0 - Values: 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 30Example:Example: Convert 11110 (binary) to decimalConvert 11110 (binary) to decimal - Positions: 2⁴=16, 2³=8, 2²=4, 2¹=2, 2⁰=1- Positions: 2⁴=16, 2³=8, 2²=4, 2¹=2, 2⁰=1 - Digits: 1, 0- Digits: 1, 0 - Values: 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 0 =- Values: 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 3030

Converting Decimal to Binary:

Find which powers of 2 add up to your number.

Example: 25 = 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 11001 in binaryExample:Example: 25 = 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 =25 = 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 11001 in binaryin binary

Converting Octal to Binary:

Replace each octal digit with its 3-bit binary equivalent.

Example: 537 (octal) → 5=101, 3=011, 7=111 → 101011111Example:Example: 537 (octal) → 5=101, 3=011, 7=111 →537 (octal) → 5=101, 3=011, 7=111 → 101011111

Converting Hexadecimal to Binary:

Replace each hex digit with its 4-bit binary equivalent.

Example: 5AD → 5=0101, A=1010, D=1101 → 010110101101Example:Example: 5AD → 5=0101, A=1010, D=1101 →5AD → 5=0101, A=1010, D=1101 → 010110101101

What is a Programming Language?

A programming language is how humans give instructions to computers. It’s like learning a language to talk to a computer.

Generations of Programming Languages:

Important Programming Language Facts:

The 5 Generations of Computers:

VLSI = Very Large Scale Integration ULSI = Ultra Large Scale Integration KBS = Knowledge Based System (5th gen feature)VLSIVLSI = Very Large Scale Integration= Very Large Scale Integration ULSI = Ultra Large Scale Integration= Ultra Large Scale Integration KBS = Knowledge Based System (5th gen feature)= Knowledge Based System (5th gen feature)

Memory Used by Generation:

1st & 2nd: Magnetic Drum

3rd: Magnetic Disk (Floppy)

4th: Optical Disk (CD, DVD), Flash Memory

5th: CD-ROM, SSD

Input/Output by Generation:

1st & 2nd: Punched cards (input), Printer (output)

3rd: Keyboard (input), Monitor (output)

4th: Mouse, Touch Screen, Scanner → LCD/LED monitor, Color printer

5th: Knowledge-Based Information Processing System (KIPS)

Famous Early Computers:

First Electronic Computer: ENIAC (had 18,000 vacuum tubes)First Electronic Computer:First Electronic Computer: ENIAC (had 18,000 vacuum tubes)ENIAC (had 18,000 vacuum tubes)

First Automatic Electronic Computer: ABCFirst Automatic Electronic Computer:First Automatic Electronic Computer: ABC

First Commercial Computer: UNIVACFirst Commercial Computer:First Commercial Computer: UNIVAC

First Indian Computer: TIFRACFirst Indian Computer:First Indian Computer: TIFRAC

First Computer using Stored Program Concept: EDSACFirst Computer using Stored Program Concept:First Computer using Stored Program Concept: EDSAC

First Microprocessor: Intel 4004First Microprocessor:First Microprocessor: Intel 4004Intel 4004

Integrated Circuits invented by: Jack Kilby and Robert NoyceIntegrated Circuits invented by:Integrated Circuits invented by: Jack Kilby and Robert NoyceJack Kilby and Robert Noyce

Operating Systems by Generation:

1st: Batch Processing

3rd: Operating Systems first introduced

4th: Time-sharing, Real-time, Networks, Distributed OS, Microprocessors

5th: Quantum Computing, CD-ROM, WWW, E-Commerce

What is a Computer?

The word “Computer” is derived from the Latin language. A computer is a machine that takes input, processes it, and gives output.The wordThe word ““ComputerComputer”” is derived from theis derived from the Latin languageLatin language. A computer is a machine that takes input, processes it, and gives output.. A computer is a machine that takes input, processes it, and gives output.

Computer System = Hardware + Software + Peripheral

Types of Computers by Size:

Important Founders & Inventors:

CPU (Central Processing Unit):

The CPU is the “brain” of the computer. - CPU = CU (Control Unit) + ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) + MU (Memory Unit) - CU handles: Timing and Control signals - ALU handles: Math and logic operationsThe CPU is theThe CPU is the ““brainbrain”” of the computer.of the computer. - CPU = CU (Control Unit) + ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) + MU (Memory Unit)- CPU = CU (Control Unit) + ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) + MU (Memory Unit) -- CUCU handles: Timing and Control signalshandles: Timing and Control signals -- ALU handles: Math and logic operationshandles: Math and logic operations

Character Encoding Systems:

Input Devices:

Mouse:

Invented by: Douglas Engelbart in 1964Invented by:Invented by: Douglas EngelbartDouglas Engelbart in 1964in 1964

Also called: Pointing DeviceAlso called:Also called: Pointing DevicePointing Device

Similar device: Trackball

Has 3 buttons: Left Click, Right Click, Scroll Button

Optical mouse uses: Light-Emitting Diode (LED)Optical mouseOptical mouse uses: Light-Emitting Diode (LED)uses: Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

Mechanical mouse uses: Metal/rubber ball on the undersideMechanical mouseMechanical mouse uses: Metal/rubber ball on the undersideuses: Metal/rubber ball on the underside

Keyboard:

Founder: Christopher Latham Sholes

QWERTY layout designed to: Avoid key jamming

French version of QWERTY: AZERTYFrench version of QWERTY:French version of QWERTY: AZERTY

Speed typing keyboard: Dvorak KeyboardSpeed typing keyboard:Speed typing keyboard: Dvorak KeyboardDvorak Keyboard

Function keys on keyboard: 12 or 13Function keys on keyboard:Function keys on keyboard: 12 or 1312 or 13

On-Screen Keyboard: A virtual keyboard displayed on the monitor

OCR (Optical Character Recognition):

Converts scanned images of text into editable computer text

Example: Converting a JPG image of text into a DOC or TXT file

BCR (Barcode Reader):

Reads barcodes using a laser

Also called: POS Scanner (Point of Sale)Also called:Also called: POS ScannerPOS Scanner (Point of Sale)(Point of Sale)

A barcode = set of lines of varying widths representing data

OMR (Optical Mark Recognition):

Captures marks made by humans on paper

Used in: MCQ answer sheets, surveys, lottery tickets

MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition):

Used in: Bank cheques

Reads characters printed with magnetic ink

Scanner:

Has ADF (Automatic Document Feeder) — feeds pages automaticallyHasHas ADF (Automatic Document Feeder)ADF (Automatic Document Feeder) — feeds pages automatically— feeds pages automatically

Other Input Devices:

Joystick, Light Pen, Stylus, Webcam, Microphone, Touchscreen, Biometrics, QR Code reader

Output Devices:

Monitor:

Types: CRT, LCD, LED, OLED

Display: Images, text, video

Printer Types:

Laser Printer — uses Fuser AssemblyLaser PrinterLaser Printer — uses Fuser Assembly— uses Fuser Assembly

Inkjet Printer — sprays inkInkjet PrinterInkjet Printer — sprays ink— sprays ink

Dot Matrix — impact printer, uses pinsDot MatrixDot Matrix — impact printer, uses pins— impact printer, uses pins

Plotter — prints large diagrams and designsPlotterPlotter — prints large diagrams and designs— prints large diagrams and designs

Speaker, Projector

Storage Devices:

Hard Disk / HDD — Magnetic storage, found inside the computerHard Disk / HDDHard Disk / HDD — Magnetic storage, found inside the computer— Magnetic storage, found inside the computer

SSD (Solid State Drive) — Flash memory based, no moving parts, fasterSSD (Solid State Drive)SSD (Solid State Drive) — Flash memory based, no moving parts, faster— Flash memory based, no moving parts, faster

CD/DVD/Blu-Ray — Optical disk; writing to CD is called “Burning”CD/DVD/Blu-RayCD/DVD/Blu-Ray — Optical disk; writing to CD is called— Optical disk; writing to CD is called ““BurningBurning””

Pen Drive / USB Drive — Flash memoryPen Drive / USB DrivePen Drive / USB Drive — Flash memory— Flash memory

Memory Card — Flash memory, used in cameras/phonesMemory CardMemory Card — Flash memory, used in cameras/phones— Flash memory, used in cameras/phones

Zip Drive — older removable storageZip DriveZip Drive — older removable storage— older removable storage

Motherboard:

The main circuit board inside the computer. Everything plugs into it — CPU, RAM, storage, etc.

Cloud Computing:

Microsoft Free Cloud Storage: OneDriveMicrosoft Free Cloud Storage:Microsoft Free Cloud Storage: OneDrive

Amazon Cloud Platform: AWS (Amazon Web Services) — IaaS / PaaS solutionAmazon Cloud Platform:Amazon Cloud Platform: AWS (Amazon Web Services) — IaaS / PaaS solutionAWS (Amazon Web Services) — IaaS / PaaS solution

IaaS = Infrastructure as a ServiceIaaSIaaS = Infrastructure as a Service= Infrastructure as a Service

PaaS = Platform as a ServicePaaSPaaS = Platform as a Service= Platform as a Service

SaaS = Software as a ServiceSaaSSaaS = Software as a Service= Software as a Service

FireWire Port:

Used to connect two computers directly to transfer files at high speed.

ABACUS:

The earliest calculating device — a set of beads representing units of data. Developed in China.The earliest calculating device — a set of beads representing units of data. Developed inThe earliest calculating device — a set of beads representing units of data. Developed in ChinaChina..

GIGO:

Stands for Garbage In, Garbage Out — relates to data accuracy: if you put wrong data in, you get wrong results out.Stands forStands for Garbage In, Garbage OutGarbage In, Garbage Out — relates to data accuracy: if you put wrong data in, you get wrong results out.— relates to data accuracy: if you put wrong data in, you get wrong results out.

CAPTCHA:

Stands for: Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart Used to verify whether a user is a human or a bot.Stands for:Stands for: Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans ApartCompletely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart Used to verify whether a user is a human or a bot.Used to verify whether a user is a human or a bot.

Logic Gates:

A type of electronic circuit that performs basic logical operations.

Adobe Products:

Photoshop, InDesign, Illustrator (these are Adobe products)

Blender is NOT an Adobe productBlender isBlender is NOT an Adobe productan Adobe product

QUICK REVISION — MUST-KNOW FACTS

This guide covers all topics from keyboard shortcuts to computer generations, rewritten for easy understanding for students and app users.